Medical Education at Harvard

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BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR MEDICAL EDUCATORS

History of Medical Education & the US Health Care System

Enarson C, Burg FD. An overview of reform initiatives in medical education: 1906 through 1992. JAMA 1992;268:1141-3.

Ludmerer KM. Time to Heal: American Medical Education from the Turn of the Century to the

Era of Managed Care. NY: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Skinner BF. The shame of American education. American Psychologist 1984:947-54.

To Err is Human: Building A Safer Health System (Institute of Medicine). In: Corrigan J, Kohn LT, Donaldson MS, eds. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2000 (report released 1999).

Curriculum Development & Change

Berwick DM. Disseminating innovations in health care. JAMA 2003;289(15):1969-75.

Christakis NA. The similarity and frequency of proposals to reform US medical education. JAMA 1995;274:706-11.

Harden RM. Approaches to curriculum planning. Med Educ 1986;20:458-66.

Identifying and Implementing Educational Practices Supported by Rigorous Evidence: A User Friendly Guide; http://www.ed.gov/rschstat/research/pubs/rigorousevid/rigorousevid.pdf , lasted accessed September 6, 2004. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Education's Institute of Educational Sciences; 2003 December 2003.

Irby DM, Wilkerson L. Educational innovations in academic medicine and environmental trends. J Gen Intern Med 2003;18:370-6.

Kern DE, Thomas PA, Howard DM, Bass EB. Curriculum Development for Medical Education: A Six-step Approach. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.

Learning objectives for medical student education – guidelines for medical schools: Report I of the Medical School Objectives Project. Acad Med 1999;74(1):13-8.

Faculty Development

Davis DA, Thomson MA, Oxman AD, Haynes RB. Changing physician performance. A systematic review of the effect of continuing medical education strategies. JAMA 1995;274(9):700-5.

Davis D, O'Brien MA, Freemantle N, Wolf FM, Mazmanian P, Taylor-Vaisey A. Impact of formal continuing medical education: do conferences, workshops, rounds, and other traditional continuing education activities change physician behavior or health care outcomes? JAMA 1999;282(9):867-74.

Fordis M, King JE, Ballantyne CM, et al. Comparison of the instructional efficacy of Internet-based CME with live interactive CME workshops: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005;294(9):1043-51.

Morrison EH, Rucker L, Boker JR, et al. The effect of a 13-hour curriculum to improve residents' teaching skills: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2004;141(4):257-63.

Sullivan AM, Lakoma MD, Billings JA, Peters AS, Block SD. Teaching and learning end-of-life care: evaluation of a faculty development program in palliative care. Acad. Med. 2005;80:657-68.

Theories of Learning

Bransford J, Brown A, Cocking R. How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience and School. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 2000.

Dunning D. Self-Insight: Roadblocks and Detours on the Path to Knowing Thyself. New York: Psychology Press; 2005.

Knowles MS, Holton EF, Swanson RA. The Adult Learner. Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing Co: 1998.

Kruger J, Dunning D. Unskilled and unaware of it: how difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments. J Pers Soc Psychol 1999;77(6):1121-34.

Martenson D. Learning : current knowledge and the future. Med Teacher 2001;23:192-197.

Merriam SB, Caffarella RS. Learning in Adulthood. (2nd Ed) San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1999.

Regehr G, Norman GR. Issues in cognitive psychology: implications for professional education. Acad Med. 1996;71:988-1001.

Schacter DL. The seven sins of memory: insights from psychology and cognitive neuroscience. American Psychologist 1999;54:182-203.

Principles & Methods of Teaching

Underlying theory

Christensen CR, Garvin DA, Sweet A. Education for Judgment: The Artistry of Discussion Leadership. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1991.

Kerfoot BP, Baker HE, Koch MO, Connelly D, Joseph DB, Ritchey ML. Randomized, controlled trial of spaced education to urology residents in the United States and Canada. J Urol 2007;177(4):1481-7.

Mamede S, Schmidt HG, Norman GR. Innovations in problem-based learning: what can we learn from recent studies? Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2006;

Palmer PJ. The Courage to Teach. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1988.

Critical Thinking and Clinical Reasoning

Brown, J. S., Collins, A., & Duguid, P. (1989). Situated cognition and the culture of learning. Educational Researcher, 18 (1), 32-42.

Byrnes, J. P. (1998). The nature and development of decision making: a self-regulation model. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Janis, I. L. (1989). Crucial decisions. New York: The Free Press.

Kruglanski, A., & Webster, D. (1996). Motivated closing of the mind: “Seizing” and “freezing.” Psychological Review, 103(2), 263-283.

Perkins, D. N., & Ritchhart, R. (2004). When is good thinking? In D. Y. Dai & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), Motivation, emotion, and cognition: Integrative perspectives on intellectual functioning and development (pp. 351-384). Mawah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Perkins, D. N., & Salomon, G. (1989). Are cognitive skills context bound? Educational Researcher, 18(1), 16 25.

Perkins, D. N., Farady, M., & Bushey, B. (1991). Everyday reasoning and the roots of intelligence. In J. Voss, D. N. Perkins, and J. Segal (Eds.), Informal reasoning (pp. 83-105). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Perkins, D. N., Tishman, S., Ritchhart, R., Donis, K., & Andrade. A. (2000). Intelligence in the wild: A dispositional view of intellectual traits. Educational Psychology Review, 12(3), 269-293.

Ritchhart, R. & Perkins, D.N. (2005). Learning to Think: The Challenges of Teaching Thinking. K. Holyoak and R. Morrison (Eds.) Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning. (pp. 775-802). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Stanovich, K. E. (1999). Who is rational? Studies of individual differences in reasoning. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Lecturing

Bligh D. What’s the Use of Lectures? San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2000.

PBL Tutorials

Azer SA. Challenges facing PBL tutors: 12 tips for successful group facilitation. Med Teacher 2005;27:676-81.

Boud D, Feletti G, The Challenge of Problem-based Learning. (2nd Ed) London, Kogan Page, 1999.

Federman DD. Little-heralded advantages of problem-based learning. Acad Med 1999;74(2):93-4.

Team learning

Baylor College of Medicine. Team learning in medical education.http://www.bcm.edu/fac-ed/team_learning/intro_to_learning.html.

Nembhard, Ingrid Marie, and A. Edmondson. "Making It Safe: The Effects of Leader Inclusiveness and Professional Status on Psychological Safety and Improvement Efforts in Health Care Teams." Special Issue on Healthcare: The problems are organizational not clinical. Journal of Organizational Behavior 27, no. 7 (November 2006): 941-966.

Edmondson, A. C., and M. D. Cannon. "Failing to Learn and Learning to Fail (Intelligently): How Great Organizations Put Failure to Work to Improve and Innovate." Long Range Planning Journal 38, no. 3 (June 2005): 299-320.

Edmondson, A. C. "Learning from Failure in Health Care: Frequent Opportunities, Pervasive Barriers." Quality and Safety in Health Care 13, no. 6 (December 2004): 3-9.

Edmondson, A. "Speaking up in the Operating Room: How Team Leaders Promote Learning in Interdisciplinary Action Teams." Journal of Management Studies 40, no. 6 (September 2003): 1419-1452.

Sole, Deborah, and Amy Edmondson. "Situated Knowledge and Learning in Dispersed Teams." British Journal of Management 13 (September 2002): S17-S34.

Carroll, J. S., and A. C. Edmondson. "Leading Organizational Learning in Health Care." Quality and Safety in Health Care 11, no. 1 (March 2002): 51-56.

Clinical teaching

Buchel T, Edwards F. Characteristics of effective clinical teachers. Fam Med 2005;37:30-35.

Furney SL, Orsini AN, Orsetti KE, Stern DT, Gruppen LD, Irby DM. Teaching the one-minute preceptor. A randomized controlled trial. J Gen Intern Med 2001;16(9):620-4.

Web-based teaching

Chumley-Jones HS, Dobbie A, Alford CL. Web-based learning: sound educational method or hype? A review of the evaluation literature. Acad Med 2002;77(10 Suppl):S86-93.

Cook DA, Dupras DM. A practical guide to developing effective web-based learning. J Gen Intern Med 2004;19(6):698-707.

Kerfoot BP, Baker H, Jackson TL, et al. A multi-institutional randomized controlled trial of adjuvant web-based teaching to medical students. Acad Med 2006;81(3):224-30.

Assessment

Epstein RM, Hundert EM. Defining and assessing professional competence. JAMA 2002;287:226-35.

Pangaro LN. A new vocabulary and other innovations for improving descriptive in-training evaluations. Acad Med. 1999;74:1203-7.

Papadakis MA, Teherani A, Banach MA, et al. Disciplinary action by medical boards and prior behavior in medical school. N Engl J Med 2005;353(25):2673-82.

Feedback

BingYou RG, Bertsch T, Thompson JA. Coaching medical students in receiving effective feedback. Teaching and Learning in Medicine 1998;10;228-31.

Branch WT, Paranjape A. Feedback and reflection: teaching methods for clinical settings. Academic Medicine 2002;77:1185-88.

Ende J. Feedback in clinical medical education. Jama 1983;250(6):777-81.

Epstein RM, Hundert EM. Defining and assessing professional competence. Jama 2002;287(2):226-35.

Harvard Medical School

Jagsi R, Shapiro J, Weinstein DF. Perceived impact of resident work hour limitations on medical student clerkships: a survey study. Acad Med. 2005;80:752-57.

Kerfoot BP, Baker H, Jackson TL, et al. A multi-institutional randomized controlled trial of adjuvant web-based teaching to medical students. Acad Med 2006;81(3):224-30.

Kerfoot BP, Conlin PR, Travison T, McMahon GT. Web-based education in systems-based practice: a randomized trial. Arch Intern Med 2007;167(4):361-6.

Kerfoot BP, Masser BA, Hafler JP. Influence of new educational technology on problem-based learning at Harvard Medical School. Med Educ 2005;39(4):380-7.

Ogur V, Hirsh D, Krupat E, Bor D. The Harvard Medical School-Cambridge Integrated Clerkship: an innovative model of clinical education. Acad Med. 2007;82;397-404.

Peters AS, Greenberger-Rosovsky R, Crowder C, Block SD, Moore GT. Long-term outcomes of the New Pathway Program at Harvard Medical School. Academic Medicine, 2000;75(5)470-9.

Peters AS, Feins A, Rubin R, Seward SJ, Schnaidt K, Fletcher RH. The Longitudinal Primary Care Clerkship at Harvard Medical School. Academic Medicine, 2001;76(5):484-8.

Shaffer K, Small J. Blended learning in medical education: use of an integrated approach with web-based small group modules and didactic instruction for teaching radiologic anatomy. Acad Radiol 2004;11(9):1059-1070.

Stanton RC, Mayer LD, Oriol NE, Treadway KK, Tosteson DC. The Mentored Clinical Casebook Project at Harvard Medical School. Acad Med. 2007;82(5):516-20.

Tosteson DC, Adelstein SJ, Carver ST. New Pathways to Medical Education: Learning to Learn at Harvard Medical School. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994.